...one of the most highly
regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the
world.
— Herb Sutter and Andrei
Alexandrescu, C++
Coding Standards
Warning | |
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execution_context (v1) is deprecated (does not prevent UB). |
Note | |
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execution_context (v1) is the reference implementation of C++ proposal P099R0: A low-level API for stackful context switching. |
Note | |
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execution_context (v1) resides in sub-namespace |
Note | |
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Segmented stacks (segmented-stacks=on), e.g. on demand growing stacks, can be used with execution_context (v1). |
Class execution_context encapsulates context switching and manages the associated context' stack (allocation/deallocation).
execution_context allocates the context stack (using its StackAllocator argument) and creates a control structure on top of it. This structure is responsible for managing context' stack. Instances of execution_context, associated with a specific context, share the ownership of the control structure. If the last reference goes out of scope, the control structure is destroyed and the stack gets deallocated via the StackAllocator.
execution_context is copy-constructible, move-constructible, copy-assignable and move-assignable.
execution_context maintains a static (thread-local) pointer, accessed by execution_context::current(), pointing to the active context. On each context switch the pointer is updated. The usage of this global pointer makes the context switch a little bit slower (due access of thread local storage) but has some advantages. It allows to access the control structure of the current active context from arbitrary code paths required in order to support segmented stacks, which require to call certain maintenance functions (like __splitstack_getcontext() etc.) before each context switch (each context switch exchanges the stack).
execution_context expects a function/functor with signature
void(void* vp)
(vp
is the data passed at the first invocation of ecv1::operator()()
).
int n=35; boost::context::v1::execution_context sink(boost::context::v1::execution_context::current()); boost::context::v1::execution_context source( [n,&sink](void*)mutable{ int a=0; int b=1; while(n-->0){ sink(&a); auto next=a+b; a=b; b=next; } }); for(int i=0;i<10;++i){ std::cout<<*(int*)source()<<" "; } output: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
This simple example demonstrates the basic usage of execution_context.
The context sink
, returned
by execution_context::current(), represents the main-context
(function main() running) and is one of the captured parameters
in the lambda expression. The lambda that calculates the Fibonacci numbers
is executed inside the context represented by source
.
Calculated Fibonacci numbers are transferred between the two context' via expression
sink(&a) (and returned by source()).
The locale variables a
, b
and next
remain their values during each context switch (yield(a)).
This is possible because ctx
owns a stack (exchanged by context switch).
/* * grammar: * P ---> E '\0' * E ---> T {('+'|'-') T} * T ---> S {('*'|'/') S} * S ---> digit | '(' E ')' */ class Parser{ // implementation omitted; see examples directory }; std::istringstream is("1+1"); bool done=false; std::exception_ptr except; // create handle to main execution context auto main_ctx(boost::context::v1::execution_context::current()); // execute parser in new execution context boost::context::v1::execution_context source( [&sink,&is,&done,&except](void*){ // create parser with callback function Parser p(is, [&sink](char ch){ // resume main execution context sink(&ch); }); try { // start recursive parsing p.run(); } catch (...) { // store other exceptions in exception-pointer except = std::current_exception(); } // set termination flag done=true; // resume main execution context sink(); }); // user-code pulls parsed data from parser // invert control flow void* vp = source(); if (except) { std::rethrow_exception(except); } while( ! done) { printf("Parsed: %c\n",* static_cast<char*>(vp)); vp = source(); if (except) { std::rethrow_exception(except); } } output: Parsed: 1 Parsed: + Parsed: 1
In this example a recursive descent parser uses a callback to emit a newly passed symbol. Using execution_context the control flow can be inverted, e.g. the user-code pulls parsed symbols from the parser - instead to get pushed from the parser (via callback).
The data (character) is transferred between the two execution_context.
If the code executed by execution_context emits an exception, the application is terminated. std::exception_ptr can be used to transfer exceptions between different execution contexts.
Sometimes it is necessary to unwind the stack of an unfinished context to destroy local stack variables so they can release allocated resources (RAII pattern). The user is responsible for this task.
Allocating control structures on top of the stack requires to allocated the stack_context and create the control structure with placement new before execution_context is created.
Note | |
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The user is responsible for destructing the control structure at the top of the stack. |
// stack-allocator used for (de-)allocating stack fixedsize_stack salloc( 4048); // allocate stack space stack_context sctx( salloc.allocate() ); // reserve space for control structure on top of the stack void * sp = static_cast< char * >( sctx.sp) - sizeof( my_control_structure); std::size_t size = sctx.size - sizeof( my_control_structure); // placement new creates control structure on reserved space my_control_structure * cs = new ( sp) my_control_structure( sp, size, sctx, salloc); ... // destructing the control structure cs->~my_control_structure(); ... struct my_control_structure { // execution context execution_context ectx; template< typename StackAllocator > my_control_structure( void * sp, std::size_t size, stack_context sctx, StackAllocator salloc) : // create execution context ectx( std::allocator_arg, preallocated( sp, size, sctx), salloc, entry_func) { } ... };
If the function executed inside a execution_context emits ans exception, the application is terminated by calling std::terminate(). std::exception_ptr can be used to transfer exceptions between different execution contexts.
Important | |
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Do not jump from inside a catch block and then re-throw the exception in another execution context. |
The void pointer argument passed to execution_context::operator(), in one context, is passed as the last argument of the context-function if the context is started for the first time. In all following invocations of execution_context::operator() the void pointer passed to execution_context::operator(), in one context, is returned by execution_context::operator() in the other context.
class X { private: std::exception_ptr excptr_; boost::context::v1::execution_context caller_; boost::context::v1::execution_context callee_; public: X() : excptr_(), caller_( boost::context::v1::execution_context::current() ), callee_( [=] (void * vp) { try { int i = * static_cast< int * >( vp); std::string str = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(i); caller_( & str); } catch (std::bad_cast const&) { excptr_=std::current_exception(); } }) {} std::string operator()( int i) { void * ret = callee_( & i); if(excptr_){ std::rethrow_exception(excptr_); } return * static_cast< std::string * >( ret); } }; X x; std::cout << x( 7) << std::endl; output: 7
execution_context
class execution_context { public: static execution_context current() noexcept; template< typename Fn, typename ... Args > execution_context( Fn && fn, Args && ... args); template< typename StackAlloc, typename Fn, typename ... Args > execution_context( std::allocator_arg_t, StackAlloc salloc, Fn && fn, Args && ... args); template< typename StackAlloc, typename Fn, typename ... Args > execution_context( std::allocator_arg_t, preallocated palloc, StackAlloc salloc, Fn && fn, Args && ... args); execution_context( execution_context const& other) noexcept; execution_context( execution_context && other) noexcept; execution_context & operator=( execution_context const& other) noexcept; execution_context & operator=( execution_context && other) noexcept; explicit operator bool() const noexcept; bool operator!() const noexcept; void * operator()( void * vp = nullptr); template< typename Fn > void * operator()( exec_ontop_arg_t, Fn && fn, void * vp = nullptr); bool operator==( execution_context const& other) const noexcept; bool operator!=( execution_context const& other) const noexcept; bool operator<( execution_context const& other) const noexcept; bool operator>( execution_context const& other) const noexcept; bool operator<=( execution_context const& other) const noexcept; bool operator>=( execution_context const& other) const noexcept; template< typename charT, class traitsT > friend std::basic_ostream< charT, traitsT > & operator<<( std::basic_ostream< charT, traitsT > & os, execution_context const& other); };
current
()
static execution_context current() noexcept;
Returns an instance of excution_context pointing to the active execution context.
Nothing.
template< typename Fn, typename ... Args > execution_context( Fn && fn, Args && ... args); template< typename StackAlloc, typename Fn, typename ... Args > execution_context( std::allocator_arg_t, StackAlloc salloc, Fn && fn, Args && ... args); template< typename StackAlloc, typename Fn, typename ... Args > execution_context( std::allocator_arg_t, preallocated palloc, StackAlloc salloc, Fn && fn, Args && ... args);
Creates a new execution context and prepares the context to execute
fn
. fixedsize_stack
is used as default stack allocator (stack size == fixedsize_stack::traits::default_size()).
The constructor with argument type preallocated
,
is used to create a user defined data (for
instance additional control structures) on top of the stack.
execution_context( execution_context const& other) noexcept;
Copies other
, e.g. underlying
control structure is shared with *this
.
Nothing.
execution_context( execution_context && other) noexcept;
Moves underlying control structure to *this
.
Nothing.
execution_context & operator=( execution_context const& other) noexcept;
Copies the state of other
to *this
,
control structure is shared.
Nothing.
execution_context & operator=( execution_context && other) noexcept;
Moves the control structure of other
to *this
using move semantics.
Nothing.
operator bool
()
explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
true
if *this
points to a control structure.
Nothing.
operator!
()
bool operator!() const noexcept;
true
if *this
does not point to a control structure.
Nothing.
operator()
()
void * operator()( void * vp = nullptr) noexcept;
Stores internally the current context data (stack pointer, instruction
pointer, and CPU registers) of the current active context and restores
the context data from *this
, which implies jumping to *this
's
context. The void pointer argument, vp
,
is passed to the current context to be returned by the most recent call
to execution_context::operator()
in the same thread. fn
is executed with arguments args
on top of the stack of this
.
The behaviour is undefined if operator()()
is called while execution_context::current()
returns *this
(e.g. resuming an already running context). If the top-level context
function returns, std::exit()
is called.
The void pointer argument passed to the most recent call to execution_context::operator(), if any.
operator(exec_ontop_arg_t)
()
template< typename Fn > void * operator()( exec_ontop_arg_t, Fn && fn, void * vp = nullptr);
Same as execution_context::operator(). Additionally,
function fn
is executed
with arguments vp
in
the context of *this
(e.g. the stack frame of fn
is allocated on stack of *this
).
The void pointer argument passed to the most recent call to execution_context::operator(), if any.
operator==
()
bool operator==( execution_context const& other) const noexcept;
true
if *this
and other
represent the same execution context, false
otherwise.
Nothing.
operator!=
()
bool operator!=( execution_context const& other) const noexcept;
! (other == * this)
Nothing.
operator<
()
bool operator<( execution_context const& other) const noexcept;
true
if *this != other
is true and the implementation-defined
total order of execution_context
values places *this
before other
, false otherwise.
Nothing.
operator>
()
bool operator>( execution_context const& other) const noexcept;
other <
* this
Nothing.
operator<=
()
bool operator<=( execution_context const& other) const noexcept;
! (other <
* this)
Nothing.
operator>=
()
bool operator>=( execution_context const& other) const noexcept;
! (*
this <
other)
Nothing.
operator<<()
template< typename charT, class traitsT > std::basic_ostream< charT, traitsT > & operator<<( std::basic_ostream< charT, traitsT > & os, execution_context const& other);
Writes the representation of other
to stream os
.
os