Boost C++ Libraries

...one of the most highly regarded and expertly designed C++ library projects in the world. Herb Sutter and Andrei Alexandrescu, C++ Coding Standards

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Integer Algorithm Performance

Note that these tests are carefully designed to test performance of the underlying algorithms and not memory allocation or variable copying. As usual, performance results should be taken with a healthy dose of scepticism, and real-world performance may vary widely depending upon the specifics of the program. In each table relative times are given first, with the best performer given a score of 1. Total actual times are given in brackets, measured in seconds for 500000 operations.

Table 1.34. Operator +

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cpp_int

1.23704 (0.0274266s)

1.09358 (0.0383278s)

1.26645 (0.0558828s)

1.32188 (0.0916899s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.62044 (0.0359271s)

1.5277 (0.053543s)

1.73059 (0.076363s)

1.71537 (0.118983s)

gmp_int

1.87515 (0.0415741s)

1.21699 (0.042653s)

1.15599 (0.0510088s)

1 (0.0693631s)

tommath_int

1 (0.0221711s)

1 (0.035048s)

1 (0.0441255s)

1.04441 (0.0724435s)


Table 1.35. Operator +(int)

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cpp_int

1 (0.0155377s)

1 (0.0209523s)

1 (0.0306377s)

1 (0.043125s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.31904 (0.0204948s)

1.76211 (0.0369203s)

1.52941 (0.0468577s)

1.60412 (0.0691778s)

gmp_int

1.96204 (0.0304855s)

2.02569 (0.0424428s)

2.11505 (0.0648002s)

2.65993 (0.114709s)

tommath_int

14.0654 (0.218543s)

10.8239 (0.226786s)

7.76691 (0.23796s)

6.10039 (0.263079s)


Table 1.36. Operator +(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1 (0.026624s)

1 (0.0291407s)

1 (0.0373209s)

1 (0.0464919s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.31378 (0.034978s)

1.54897 (0.045138s)

1.53649 (0.0573431s)

1.27833 (0.0594319s)

gmp_int

25.5775 (0.680974s)

24.0117 (0.699717s)

19.5633 (0.730121s)

16.8939 (0.785432s)

tommath_int

19.4694 (0.518354s)

18.4246 (0.536907s)

14.7715 (0.551288s)

12.3637 (0.574812s)


Table 1.37. Operator +=(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1.18405 (0.0196905s)

1.22304 (0.0206476s)

1.25861 (0.0217397s)

1.29525 (0.0220829s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0166298s)

1 (0.0168822s)

1 (0.0172728s)

1 (0.0170492s)

gmp_int

39.9082 (0.663668s)

39.4584 (0.666147s)

38.5504 (0.665873s)

39.2231 (0.668722s)

tommath_int

30.6219 (0.509238s)

30.4135 (0.513447s)

30.9077 (0.533863s)

32.3086 (0.550835s)


Table 1.38. Operator -

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cpp_int

1.06986 (0.0296064s)

1 (0.0381508s)

1.05932 (0.053186s)

1.1766 (0.0844721s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.3304 (0.0368163s)

1.44506 (0.0551303s)

1.4431 (0.0724545s)

1.57255 (0.112898s)

gmp_int

1.48072 (0.0409761s)

1.19003 (0.0454007s)

1.0794 (0.0541942s)

1 (0.0717934s)

tommath_int

1 (0.0276731s)

1.10891 (0.0423057s)

1 (0.0502076s)

1.08479 (0.0778811s)


Table 1.39. Operator -(int)

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cpp_int

1 (0.0147372s)

1 (0.0170001s)

1 (0.0232882s)

1 (0.0310734s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.4267 (0.0210256s)

1.98887 (0.0338109s)

1.83788 (0.0428009s)

1.81269 (0.0563264s)

gmp_int

2.07504 (0.0305803s)

2.40928 (0.0409579s)

2.58711 (0.0602493s)

3.26438 (0.101435s)

tommath_int

13.5424 (0.199577s)

12.1793 (0.207048s)

9.28855 (0.216314s)

7.49327 (0.232842s)


Table 1.40. Operator -(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1 (0.0277377s)

1 (0.0296807s)

1 (0.0372392s)

1 (0.0455855s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.19867 (0.0332484s)

1.48639 (0.0441169s)

1.43253 (0.0533464s)

1.27697 (0.0582111s)

gmp_int

24.1794 (0.670683s)

22.9073 (0.679904s)

18.8758 (0.702922s)

16.5837 (0.755975s)

tommath_int

18.149 (0.503413s)

17.4116 (0.516787s)

14.0411 (0.52288s)

11.8237 (0.538987s)


Table 1.41. Operator -=(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1.26896 (0.0203467s)

1.25722 (0.0206147s)

1.36108 (0.0225485s)

1.18351 (0.0226161s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0160342s)

1 (0.0163971s)

1 (0.0165667s)

1 (0.0191094s)

gmp_int

41.1339 (0.659547s)

40.3982 (0.662411s)

39.925 (0.661425s)

34.636 (0.661874s)

tommath_int

31.1543 (0.499533s)

31.0303 (0.508806s)

30.7699 (0.509756s)

27.7054 (0.529434s)


Table 1.42. Operator *

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cpp_int

1.11839 (0.0757577s)

1.61061 (0.207951s)

1.4501 (0.696912s)

1.72796 (2.64108s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.01115 (0.0684934s)

1.28687 (0.166152s)

1 (0.480595s)

1 (1.52844s)

gmp_int

1 (0.0677384s)

1 (0.129113s)

1.09011 (0.523902s)

1.03374 (1.58s)

tommath_int

1.6322 (0.110562s)

2.71751 (0.350866s)

2.05222 (0.986288s)

2.0644 (3.15531s)


Table 1.43. Operator *(int)

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cpp_int

1.01611 (0.0229536s)

1.12175 (0.0298152s)

1.16413 (0.0416439s)

1.31747 (0.0666043s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.30215 (0.0294152s)

1.669 (0.0443606s)

1.72395 (0.0616701s)

1.88315 (0.095202s)

gmp_int

1 (0.0225897s)

1 (0.0265791s)

1 (0.0357725s)

1 (0.0505547s)

tommath_int

10.8281 (0.244603s)

10.1516 (0.26982s)

8.76424 (0.313519s)

8.04364 (0.406644s)


Table 1.44. Operator *(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1 (0.0570721s)

1 (0.0856141s)

1 (0.143279s)

1 (0.252785s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.10857 (0.0632686s)

1.2951 (0.110878s)

1.20827 (0.173121s)

1.18463 (0.299456s)

gmp_int

12.0605 (0.68832s)

8.13434 (0.696415s)

5.21762 (0.747577s)

3.11601 (0.787681s)

tommath_int

10.0524 (0.57371s)

7.33116 (0.627651s)

4.85202 (0.695193s)

3.35808 (0.848871s)


Table 1.45. Operator *=(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

111.27 (7.43118s)

67.7078 (7.34138s)

43.3851 (7.4075s)

25.3089 (7.55455s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0667848s)

1 (0.108427s)

1 (0.170738s)

1 (0.298493s)

gmp_int

46.3718 (3.09693s)

28.4639 (3.08626s)

18.1719 (3.10264s)

10.5223 (3.14083s)

tommath_int

276.674 (18.4776s)

169.146 (18.34s)

108.491 (18.5236s)

63.3261 (18.9024s)


Table 1.46. Operator /

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cpp_int

2.68035 (0.595251s)

2.04702 (0.707471s)

1.62314 (0.921536s)

1.43112 (1.38811s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.222079s)

1 (0.34561s)

1 (0.567748s)

1 (0.969945s)

gmp_int

3.79283 (0.842308s)

2.73668 (0.945824s)

1.86649 (1.05969s)

1.32141 (1.2817s)

tommath_int

13.2531 (2.94324s)

11.2054 (3.87271s)

9.83293 (5.58262s)

13.0164 (12.6252s)


Table 1.47. Operator /(int)

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cpp_int

4.06026 (0.225473s)

3.45732 (0.340049s)

3.00195 (0.547957s)

2.80587 (0.978029s)

cpp_int(fixed)

2.43766 (0.135367s)

2.56264 (0.252052s)

2.44011 (0.445402s)

2.38009 (0.829617s)

gmp_int

1 (0.0555316s)

1 (0.0983563s)

1 (0.182534s)

1 (0.348566s)

tommath_int

35.9988 (1.99907s)

27.1024 (2.66569s)

21.8333 (3.98531s)

25.8066 (8.99528s)


Table 1.48. Operator /(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1.50505 (0.705756s)

1.39347 (1.58556s)

2.63348 (3.57438s)

4.75451 (8.52733s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.468925s)

1.12378 (1.27869s)

2.29966 (3.12128s)

4.4844 (8.04288s)

gmp_int

2.17234 (1.01866s)

1 (1.13785s)

1 (1.35728s)

1 (1.79352s)

tommath_int

4.74612 (2.22557s)

2.70088 (3.07319s)

3.65634 (4.96268s)

6.79408 (12.1853s)


Table 1.49. Operator /=(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

1.76281 (0.0574966s)

1.76471 (0.0604224s)

1.56085 (0.0716403s)

1.31422 (0.124043s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0326164s)

1 (0.0342393s)

1 (0.0458981s)

1 (0.0943852s)

gmp_int

20.2862 (0.661664s)

19.4043 (0.664389s)

14.4881 (0.664976s)

7.14238 (0.674135s)

tommath_int

32.9555 (1.07489s)

30.1525 (1.0324s)

22.8324 (1.04796s)

11.7456 (1.10861s)


Table 1.50. Operator %

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cpp_int

1.8501 (0.364131s)

1.46527 (0.476653s)

1.27509 (0.689738s)

1.20064 (1.11769s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.196817s)

1 (0.325301s)

1 (0.540932s)

1 (0.930916s)

gmp_int

3.2533 (0.640305s)

2.15441 (0.700832s)

1.47898 (0.800029s)

1.07439 (1.00016s)

tommath_int

15.3501 (3.02116s)

12.1106 (3.9396s)

11.0689 (5.98752s)

13.5535 (12.6172s)


Table 1.51. Operator %(int)

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cpp_int

1.82761 (0.104331s)

2.01496 (0.202512s)

2.10004 (0.389523s)

2.17252 (0.768097s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.78851 (0.102099s)

1.96844 (0.197838s)

2.02956 (0.376451s)

2.07257 (0.73276s)

gmp_int

1 (0.057086s)

1 (0.100505s)

1 (0.185483s)

1 (0.353552s)

tommath_int

36.3018 (2.07233s)

26.3075 (2.64402s)

21.9525 (4.07183s)

25.6759 (9.07775s)


Table 1.52. Operator construct

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cpp_int

1.40211 (0.0026854s)

1 (0.00278639s)

1 (0.00322813s)

1 (0.0027185s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.00191526s)

1.40721 (0.00392103s)

1.90346 (0.00614463s)

2.14621 (0.00583447s)

gmp_int

98.705 (0.189046s)

68.9726 (0.192184s)

58.8994 (0.190135s)

70.0525 (0.190438s)

tommath_int

105.602 (0.202255s)

74.1994 (0.206748s)

63.6455 (0.205456s)

76.8935 (0.209035s)


Table 1.53. Operator construct(unsigned)

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cpp_int

1.73436 (0.00348927s)

1 (0.00263476s)

1 (0.0027009s)

1 (0.00318651s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.00201185s)

1.36851 (0.0036057s)

2.07362 (0.00560064s)

1.66856 (0.00531688s)

gmp_int

97.2414 (0.195635s)

76.3759 (0.201232s)

72.7396 (0.196462s)

63.8129 (0.20334s)

tommath_int

210.112 (0.422713s)

162.652 (0.42855s)

158.33 (0.427634s)

134.626 (0.428987s)


Table 1.54. Operator construct(unsigned long long)

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cpp_int

2.34403 (0.00739542s)

1.66376 (0.00713834s)

1.22989 (0.0074969s)

1.23708 (0.00711417s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.00315501s)

1 (0.00429049s)

1 (0.00609561s)

1 (0.0057508s)

gmp_int

222.866 (0.703144s)

164.331 (0.705059s)

115.363 (0.70321s)

122.347 (0.703596s)

tommath_int

218.681 (0.689941s)

163.796 (0.702765s)

114.57 (0.698376s)

122.422 (0.704027s)


Table 1.55. Operator gcd

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cpp_int

1.16358 (2.74442s)

1.39847 (8.11559s)

1.64677 (22.2518s)

1.95096 (64.4961s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (2.35859s)

1.30986 (7.60133s)

1.67681 (22.6577s)

2.0895 (69.0758s)

gmp_int

1.03392 (2.4386s)

1 (5.80319s)

1 (13.5124s)

1 (33.0586s)

tommath_int

5.25978 (12.4057s)

4.4619 (25.8932s)

4.15577 (56.1542s)

3.91192 (129.323s)


Table 1.56. Operator powm

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cpp_int

2.50722 (2.91621s)

3.5561 (13.406s)

4.37066 (73.483s)

4.88831 (473.91s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.93385 (2.24931s)

3.18107 (11.9922s)

4.20753 (70.7403s)

4.8158 (466.88s)

gmp_int

1 (1.16313s)

1 (3.76986s)

1 (16.8128s)

1 (96.9476s)

tommath_int

1.44081 (1.67584s)

1.8794 (7.08507s)

2.19115 (36.8394s)

2.17186 (210.557s)


Table 1.57. Operator str

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cpp_int

1.17175 (0.00160006s)

1.41999 (0.00329476s)

1.40856 (0.00813784s)

1.52964 (0.0229767s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.00136554s)

1 (0.00232027s)

1 (0.00577741s)

1.14754 (0.0172372s)

gmp_int

1.50501 (0.00205515s)

1.52968 (0.00354926s)

1.01989 (0.0058923s)

1 (0.015021s)

tommath_int

12.2161 (0.0166816s)

16.9577 (0.0393463s)

18.7474 (0.108311s)

22.7368 (0.341528s)


Table 1.58. Operator |

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cpp_int

1 (0.0301617s)

1 (0.0423404s)

1 (0.0522358s)

1 (0.0813156s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.0638 (0.0320861s)

1.22566 (0.0518951s)

1.28515 (0.0671305s)

1.16118 (0.094422s)

gmp_int

1.76553 (0.0532514s)

1.51489 (0.0641408s)

1.70708 (0.0891706s)

1.77346 (0.14421s)

tommath_int

4.37637 (0.131999s)

3.46212 (0.146587s)

2.91875 (0.152463s)

4.19621 (0.341217s)


Table 1.59. Operator |(int)

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cpp_int

1 (0.0289129s)

1 (0.0351119s)

1 (0.0406779s)

1 (0.0525891s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.06091 (0.030674s)

1.25979 (0.0442336s)

1.36194 (0.0554009s)

1.37438 (0.0722772s)

gmp_int

4.92854 (0.142498s)

4.34687 (0.152627s)

3.71442 (0.151095s)

2.981 (0.156768s)

tommath_int

10.9847 (0.317598s)

9.37065 (0.329021s)

8.53651 (0.347248s)

11.2155 (0.589813s)


Table 1.60. Operator ^

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cpp_int

1 (0.0305149s)

1 (0.04217s)

1 (0.0525977s)

1 (0.0816632s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.01544 (0.0309861s)

1.24872 (0.0526585s)

1.26661 (0.066621s)

1.15965 (0.0947007s)

gmp_int

1.64675 (0.0502505s)

1.47181 (0.0620663s)

1.66038 (0.0873322s)

1.67895 (0.137108s)

tommath_int

4.30668 (0.131418s)

3.45859 (0.145849s)

2.91462 (0.153303s)

4.15538 (0.339342s)


Table 1.61. Operator ^(int)

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cpp_int

1.01566 (0.0296088s)

1 (0.0356634s)

1 (0.0401898s)

1 (0.0514097s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0291524s)

1.2393 (0.0441976s)

1.38556 (0.0556856s)

1.38899 (0.0714075s)

gmp_int

4.68027 (0.136441s)

4.15243 (0.14809s)

3.74237 (0.150405s)

3.0483 (0.156712s)

tommath_int

10.919 (0.318314s)

9.16311 (0.326788s)

8.62554 (0.346659s)

11.6212 (0.597442s)


Table 1.62. Operator &

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cpp_int

1.0346 (0.0303431s)

1 (0.0427309s)

1 (0.0535587s)

1.06945 (0.0828084s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0293284s)

1.10435 (0.04719s)

1.05262 (0.0563769s)

1 (0.0774309s)

gmp_int

1.86057 (0.0545675s)

1.58432 (0.0676995s)

1.69164 (0.0906018s)

1.86625 (0.144505s)

tommath_int

4.4157 (0.129506s)

3.60396 (0.154s)

2.95985 (0.158525s)

4.4032 (0.340944s)


Table 1.63. Operator &(int)

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cpp_int

1.05874 (0.038946s)

1 (0.0483903s)

1 (0.063842s)

1 (0.100361s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1 (0.0367853s)

1.05827 (0.0512099s)

1.09114 (0.0696605s)

1.09432 (0.109826s)

gmp_int

3.92298 (0.144308s)

2.99447 (0.144903s)

2.228 (0.14224s)

1.42296 (0.142809s)

tommath_int

8.79208 (0.323419s)

7.02288 (0.339839s)

5.65271 (0.36088s)

6.27104 (0.629365s)


Table 1.64. Operator <<

Backend

128 Bits

256 Bits

512 Bits

1024 Bits

cpp_int

1 (0.0248801s)

1.23196 (0.04s)

1 (0.0424149s)

1 (0.060157s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.08931 (0.027102s)

1.40572 (0.0456418s)

1.3475 (0.0571542s)

1.24573 (0.0749397s)

gmp_int

1.05561 (0.0262636s)

1 (0.0324686s)

1.09914 (0.0466199s)

1.16315 (0.0699719s)

tommath_int

1.60497 (0.0399319s)

2.13048 (0.0691737s)

2.31219 (0.0980712s)

2.74695 (0.165248s)


Table 1.65. Operator >>

Backend

128 Bits

256 Bits

512 Bits

1024 Bits

cpp_int

1 (0.0213349s)

1.02127 (0.0295019s)

1 (0.0327116s)

1.13168 (0.0433804s)

cpp_int(fixed)

1.13514 (0.0242181s)

1.16938 (0.0337803s)

1.46999 (0.0480859s)

1.60077 (0.061362s)

gmp_int

1.26614 (0.0270129s)

1 (0.0288873s)

1.42219 (0.0465221s)

1 (0.0383329s)

tommath_int

12.0066 (0.25616s)

10.2837 (0.297067s)

9.99696 (0.327017s)

16.0943 (0.616942s)


Test code was compiled with Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 with all optimisations turned on (/Ox), and used MPIR-2.3.0 and MPFR-3.0.0. The tests were run on 32-bit Windows Vista machine.

Linux x86_64 results are broadly similar, except that libtommath performs much better there.


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